HIV/SIDA
Introduction
This work Ingles has the task to be a useful tool that helps to make studies easier , and make the contents present at work and clear as possible . The point of this is more readable on HIV AIDS. AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) , which enters the body through contact with an infected person . The transmission can happen in three ways : sex , contact with infected blood, from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth and through breastfeeding.
HIV is a very powerful virus that upon entering the body , goes to the bloodstream , where they will immediately begin to replicate itself , attacking the immune system , destroying the defense cells of the body and leaving the infected person ( HIV-positive ) , weakened and more susceptible to other diseases , so-called opportunistic infections which are caused by microbes and does not affect people whose immune system is working correctly . Some types of tumors ( cancers ) can also occur.
This work Ingles has the task to be a useful tool that helps to make studies easier , and make the contents present at work and clear as possible . The point of this is more readable on HIV AIDS. AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) , which enters the body through contact with an infected person . The transmission can happen in three ways : sex , contact with infected blood, from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth and through breastfeeding.
HIV is a very powerful virus that upon entering the body , goes to the bloodstream , where they will immediately begin to replicate itself , attacking the immune system , destroying the defense cells of the body and leaving the infected person ( HIV-positive ) , weakened and more susceptible to other diseases , so-called opportunistic infections which are caused by microbes and does not affect people whose immune system is working correctly . Some types of tumors ( cancers ) can also occur.
HIV
and AIDS
AIDS is caused by Human
Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) , which enters the body through contact with an
infected person . The transmission can happen in three ways : sex , contact
with infected blood, from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth and
through breastfeeding.
HIV is a very powerful virus that upon entering the body , goes to the bloodstream , where they will immediately begin to replicate itself , attacking the immune system , destroying the defense cells of the body and leaving the infected person ( HIV-positive ) , weakened and more susceptible to other diseases , so-called opportunistic infections which are caused by microbes and does not affect people whose immune system is working correctly . Some types of tumors ( cancers ) can also occur.
Among these diseases are tuberculosis , Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia , candidiasis , which can cause infections in the throat and vagina ; cytomegalovirus a virus that affects the eyes and intestines ; toxoplasmosis which can cause serious brain damage , cryptosporidiosis , an intestinal disease, Kaposi's sarcoma , a form of cancer that causes the appearance of small tumors in the skin in various areas of the body and can also affect the gastrointestinal tract and lungs.
AIDS also causes disorders such as weight loss , brain tumors and other health problems that , untreated , can lead to death . This syndrome manifests and evolves differently from person to person mode.
HIV is a very powerful virus that upon entering the body , goes to the bloodstream , where they will immediately begin to replicate itself , attacking the immune system , destroying the defense cells of the body and leaving the infected person ( HIV-positive ) , weakened and more susceptible to other diseases , so-called opportunistic infections which are caused by microbes and does not affect people whose immune system is working correctly . Some types of tumors ( cancers ) can also occur.
Among these diseases are tuberculosis , Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia , candidiasis , which can cause infections in the throat and vagina ; cytomegalovirus a virus that affects the eyes and intestines ; toxoplasmosis which can cause serious brain damage , cryptosporidiosis , an intestinal disease, Kaposi's sarcoma , a form of cancer that causes the appearance of small tumors in the skin in various areas of the body and can also affect the gastrointestinal tract and lungs.
AIDS also causes disorders such as weight loss , brain tumors and other health problems that , untreated , can lead to death . This syndrome manifests and evolves differently from person to person mode.
The
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS ) has killed more than 20 million
people in the last 20 years and , until now , could not find neither a cure nor
an effective vaccine to combat this threat that affects people of all ages , in
all continents .
AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) , which , upon entering the human body and enter the bloodstream , will immediately begin to reproduce within the T4 (or CD4 ) lymphocytes eventually kill them . CD4 cells are precisely the elements of the immune system that give signals to other cells to the need to protect the body against invading agents .
Under the action of the virus , the role of the defense is weakened and leaves the infected or HIV-positive , most vulnerable in relation to the action of bacteria and viruses that cause diseases called opportunistic person . This is the case of rare forms of pneumonia, Toxoplasmosis , candidiasis , cryptococcal meningitis, and cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma . These diseases are usually the cause of death of HIV-positive and is quite rare among people who do not suffer from immunodeficiency.
It is precisely the occurrence of some of these diseases in the United States of America, among apparently healthy young people, who in 1981 led us to suspect the existence of a new condition. The first cases were detected in male homosexuals , so that the disease came to be identified as GRID (" Gay - related Immune Deficiency ") , before realizing that AIDS could affect all people , regardless of age , sex, health status or geographic location .
AIDS is a syndrome , meaning a group of symptoms and signs which relate not just a disease . It is a syndrome Immunodeficiency Virus because the immune system gets poor , and it is acquired , as it results from the action of an external agent to the human body .
Infection with HIV is characterized by four different phases. First is the period of acute infection , up to four weeks after exposure and in which the HIV-positive is affected by many little characteristic symptoms similar to the flu , and whose cause usually goes unnoticed by patients and physicians.
The following is a period that can last ten to 15 years ( in some cases more other less) in which, although the virus to continue to multiply , the seropositive shows no symptoms. At this stage, although the virus continues to kill CD4 cells , the organism can replace almost the same amount of cells that are destroyed daily.
The third stage of disease in which the body can no longer completely replace the amount of CD4 cells destroyed by the virus, is characterized by a moderate immunosuppression associated with signs and symptoms . Weight loss , night sweats , prolonged fever and diarrhea are some of the examples of clinical manifestations at this stage of evolution of the infection .
The fourth phase , in which shall be seropositive AIDS occurs when the CD4 count becomes too low or when the person is affected by another indicator of a disease state of severe immunodeficiency.
HIV only affects humans , only survives and reproduces them and can be transmitted in three ways : by blood contact, via semen and vaginal fluids during sexual intercourse , from mother to child , which can occur during pregnancy, at childbirth and during lactation .
Although there are no drugs that can completely eliminate the virus from the body , the existing anti - retroviral drugs can lower the amount of virus to minimum values and preserve the body's immune function , slowing disease progression and providing a greater hope seropositive and better quality of life
AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) , which , upon entering the human body and enter the bloodstream , will immediately begin to reproduce within the T4 (or CD4 ) lymphocytes eventually kill them . CD4 cells are precisely the elements of the immune system that give signals to other cells to the need to protect the body against invading agents .
Under the action of the virus , the role of the defense is weakened and leaves the infected or HIV-positive , most vulnerable in relation to the action of bacteria and viruses that cause diseases called opportunistic person . This is the case of rare forms of pneumonia, Toxoplasmosis , candidiasis , cryptococcal meningitis, and cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma . These diseases are usually the cause of death of HIV-positive and is quite rare among people who do not suffer from immunodeficiency.
It is precisely the occurrence of some of these diseases in the United States of America, among apparently healthy young people, who in 1981 led us to suspect the existence of a new condition. The first cases were detected in male homosexuals , so that the disease came to be identified as GRID (" Gay - related Immune Deficiency ") , before realizing that AIDS could affect all people , regardless of age , sex, health status or geographic location .
AIDS is a syndrome , meaning a group of symptoms and signs which relate not just a disease . It is a syndrome Immunodeficiency Virus because the immune system gets poor , and it is acquired , as it results from the action of an external agent to the human body .
Infection with HIV is characterized by four different phases. First is the period of acute infection , up to four weeks after exposure and in which the HIV-positive is affected by many little characteristic symptoms similar to the flu , and whose cause usually goes unnoticed by patients and physicians.
The following is a period that can last ten to 15 years ( in some cases more other less) in which, although the virus to continue to multiply , the seropositive shows no symptoms. At this stage, although the virus continues to kill CD4 cells , the organism can replace almost the same amount of cells that are destroyed daily.
The third stage of disease in which the body can no longer completely replace the amount of CD4 cells destroyed by the virus, is characterized by a moderate immunosuppression associated with signs and symptoms . Weight loss , night sweats , prolonged fever and diarrhea are some of the examples of clinical manifestations at this stage of evolution of the infection .
The fourth phase , in which shall be seropositive AIDS occurs when the CD4 count becomes too low or when the person is affected by another indicator of a disease state of severe immunodeficiency.
HIV only affects humans , only survives and reproduces them and can be transmitted in three ways : by blood contact, via semen and vaginal fluids during sexual intercourse , from mother to child , which can occur during pregnancy, at childbirth and during lactation .
Although there are no drugs that can completely eliminate the virus from the body , the existing anti - retroviral drugs can lower the amount of virus to minimum values and preserve the body's immune function , slowing disease progression and providing a greater hope seropositive and better quality of life
Symptoms
The acute phase of HIV infection occurs one to four weeks after the time of infection. Some people have symptoms similar to the flu such as fever , sweating , headache , stomach , muscles and joints , fatigue , difficulty swallowing , swollen lymph nodes and a slight itching . It is estimated that at least 50 percent of these symptoms have infected.
Some people also lose weight and others may occasionally lose the mobility of the arms and legs , but recover it after a while . The acute phase of HIV infection lasts from one to three weeks . All recover this phase , in response to the reaction of the immune system , the symptoms disappear and there is a decrease in viral load .
The HIV live after the acute phase , a period when no symptoms , although the virus is multiplying in your body which can last for several years . It is during this period that are currently 70 to 80 percent of infected worldwide .
In the symptomatic phase of infection ( but still no criteria for AIDS) , the patient begins to have symptoms and signs of disease , indicative of the existence of a depressed immune system . The patient can refer unusual tiredness , weight loss , night sweats , loss of appetite , diarrhea , hair loss , dry skin and scaly , among other symptoms .
The next step in the evolution of the disease is called AIDS and is characterized by severe immunodeficiency which affects the appearance of opportunistic events ( infections and tumors) .
The evolution of infection described above , designated as " Natural Evolution of Infection " can currently be modified by treatment with antiretroviral drugs , HIV-positive may never reach a symptomatic stage of the disease
The acute phase of HIV infection occurs one to four weeks after the time of infection. Some people have symptoms similar to the flu such as fever , sweating , headache , stomach , muscles and joints , fatigue , difficulty swallowing , swollen lymph nodes and a slight itching . It is estimated that at least 50 percent of these symptoms have infected.
Some people also lose weight and others may occasionally lose the mobility of the arms and legs , but recover it after a while . The acute phase of HIV infection lasts from one to three weeks . All recover this phase , in response to the reaction of the immune system , the symptoms disappear and there is a decrease in viral load .
The HIV live after the acute phase , a period when no symptoms , although the virus is multiplying in your body which can last for several years . It is during this period that are currently 70 to 80 percent of infected worldwide .
In the symptomatic phase of infection ( but still no criteria for AIDS) , the patient begins to have symptoms and signs of disease , indicative of the existence of a depressed immune system . The patient can refer unusual tiredness , weight loss , night sweats , loss of appetite , diarrhea , hair loss , dry skin and scaly , among other symptoms .
The next step in the evolution of the disease is called AIDS and is characterized by severe immunodeficiency which affects the appearance of opportunistic events ( infections and tumors) .
The evolution of infection described above , designated as " Natural Evolution of Infection " can currently be modified by treatment with antiretroviral drugs , HIV-positive may never reach a symptomatic stage of the disease
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is made from blood tests to detect the presence of antibodies to HIV. These antibodies are detected , usually only three to four weeks after the acute phase , there can be no absolute certainty about the results in the first three months after exposure.
The first analyzes to an infected may give a negative result if the infection was recent, so the tests should be repeated four to six weeks and three months after the first analysis . The period in which the person is infected , but not her antibodies are detected , called ' window period '. With the currently available tests is possible to detect the infection early and reduce this ' window period ' for 3-4 weeks.
The test used is the ELISA (' Enzyme Linked Immuno - Sorbent Assay "). It may also use another test, the "Western Blot", to confirm the result.
To HIV also holds viral load tests to assess the level of HIV in the blood . These, along with the tests to perform CD4 counts are essential to make a prediction about the evolution of the disease . If the viral load is high and low CD4 cell count , and the HIV-positive do not start treatment, the disease will progress rapidly . The viral load tests are also important to assess the patient's response to treatment.
The diagnosis is made from blood tests to detect the presence of antibodies to HIV. These antibodies are detected , usually only three to four weeks after the acute phase , there can be no absolute certainty about the results in the first three months after exposure.
The first analyzes to an infected may give a negative result if the infection was recent, so the tests should be repeated four to six weeks and three months after the first analysis . The period in which the person is infected , but not her antibodies are detected , called ' window period '. With the currently available tests is possible to detect the infection early and reduce this ' window period ' for 3-4 weeks.
The test used is the ELISA (' Enzyme Linked Immuno - Sorbent Assay "). It may also use another test, the "Western Blot", to confirm the result.
To HIV also holds viral load tests to assess the level of HIV in the blood . These, along with the tests to perform CD4 counts are essential to make a prediction about the evolution of the disease . If the viral load is high and low CD4 cell count , and the HIV-positive do not start treatment, the disease will progress rapidly . The viral load tests are also important to assess the patient's response to treatment.
The two tests are usually repeated every three months.
A healthy person has between 500 and 1 500 CD4 cells per milliliter of blood. A seropositive AIDS becomes lower when the CD4 cells to less than 200 per milliliter of blood , as well as being unprotected body and an easy target for calls become opportunistic infections .
In the case of newborns , children of HIV-positive mother , the antibody tests are complete only valid after 18 months, since the existing antibodies in your body may have been inherited from the mother . At the end of that period if the child does not have antibodies is because HIV is not present and the baby becomes seronegative . In such cases, it may also make an analysis to detect the presence of genetic material of the virus.
A healthy person has between 500 and 1 500 CD4 cells per milliliter of blood. A seropositive AIDS becomes lower when the CD4 cells to less than 200 per milliliter of blood , as well as being unprotected body and an easy target for calls become opportunistic infections .
In the case of newborns , children of HIV-positive mother , the antibody tests are complete only valid after 18 months, since the existing antibodies in your body may have been inherited from the mother . At the end of that period if the child does not have antibodies is because HIV is not present and the baby becomes seronegative . In such cases, it may also make an analysis to detect the presence of genetic material of the virus.
Contagion
Through blood, semen , vaginal fluids , breast milk , and probably pre - ejaculatory fluid of seropositive . HIV is not transmitted through the air or enters the body through the skin , requiring a wound or a cut to enter the body .
The most dangerous form of transmission is through a syringe with contaminated blood , since the virus enters directly into the bloodstream.
The sexual transmission in heterosexual relationships is more common than men to women than vice versa , because the semen is more virulent than vaginal fluids . The infection can occur in all types of relationship is vaginal , anal or oral , since the sperm or vaginal secretions , even without entering the body can easily contact with small wounds and cuts existing in the vagina , anus, penis and mouth . Sexual relations with most risks are anal .
From mother to child , the virus can be transmitted during pregnancy , childbirth , or even through breastfeeding .
HIV can be found in tears , sweat and saliva of an infected person , however, the amount of virus is too small to achieve stream infection.
It is during the acute phase of infection, which occurs one to four weeks after virus entry in the body, there is the greatest risk of infection due to the high amount of virus in the blood.
Currently , transmission by transfusion of blood or blood products presents little risk , since tests are done for all donors .
Through blood, semen , vaginal fluids , breast milk , and probably pre - ejaculatory fluid of seropositive . HIV is not transmitted through the air or enters the body through the skin , requiring a wound or a cut to enter the body .
The most dangerous form of transmission is through a syringe with contaminated blood , since the virus enters directly into the bloodstream.
The sexual transmission in heterosexual relationships is more common than men to women than vice versa , because the semen is more virulent than vaginal fluids . The infection can occur in all types of relationship is vaginal , anal or oral , since the sperm or vaginal secretions , even without entering the body can easily contact with small wounds and cuts existing in the vagina , anus, penis and mouth . Sexual relations with most risks are anal .
From mother to child , the virus can be transmitted during pregnancy , childbirth , or even through breastfeeding .
HIV can be found in tears , sweat and saliva of an infected person , however, the amount of virus is too small to achieve stream infection.
It is during the acute phase of infection, which occurs one to four weeks after virus entry in the body, there is the greatest risk of infection due to the high amount of virus in the blood.
Currently , transmission by transfusion of blood or blood products presents little risk , since tests are done for all donors .
Prevention
Always use condoms during sex, not sharing needles, syringes, material used in the preparation of injectable drugs and sharps (needles acupuncture, tools to make tattoos and piercings, hairdressing).
Beside standard condoms, sold in pharmacies and supermarkets, there are other, less common, which can be used for protection during the most diverse sexual practices.
It is also necessary to have regard to the use of objects, since, if they are in contact with semen, vaginal fluids and infected blood can transmit viru
Always use condoms during sex, not sharing needles, syringes, material used in the preparation of injectable drugs and sharps (needles acupuncture, tools to make tattoos and piercings, hairdressing).
Beside standard condoms, sold in pharmacies and supermarkets, there are other, less common, which can be used for protection during the most diverse sexual practices.
It is also necessary to have regard to the use of objects, since, if they are in contact with semen, vaginal fluids and infected blood can transmit viru
Risk behaviors
And injecting drug users who share needles, syringes and other materials used in the preparation of drugs for injection.
People who do not practice safe sex, ie, that do not use condoms and have more than one sexual partner.
Health professionals - accidents with contact with contaminated sharps (needles) or with blood or other body fluids, contaminated.
And injecting drug users who share needles, syringes and other materials used in the preparation of drugs for injection.
People who do not practice safe sex, ie, that do not use condoms and have more than one sexual partner.
Health professionals - accidents with contact with contaminated sharps (needles) or with blood or other body fluids, contaminated.
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